Appendix:English pronunciation: Difference between revisions

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Line 24: Line 24:
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | /ɐː/ \ä\
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | /ɐː/ \ä\
| /a/ \ă\
| /a/ \ă\
| rowspan="2" | /ɑː/ \ä\
| /ɑː/ \ä\
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | \\är\\
| colspan="2" | \\är\\
Line 31: Line 31:
| colspan="2" | /ɑɹ/ \är\
| colspan="2" | /ɑɹ/ \är\
| /aɾ/ \ăr\
| /aɾ/ \ăr\
| /ɑː(ɾ)/ \ä(r)\
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | \\ă\\
| colspan="2" | \\ă\\
Line 56: Line 57:
| colspan="2"  rowspan="2" | /æɪ/ \ā\  
| colspan="2"  rowspan="2" | /æɪ/ \ā\  
| rowspan="2" | /e/ \ā\
| rowspan="2" | /e/ \ā\
| /eː/ \ā\,{{#tag:ref|Used by speakers without the [[toe-tow merger]].|name="nontoe"}} /ej/ \ā\{{#tag:ref|Used by speakers with the [[toe-tow merger]].|name="toe"}}
| /eː/ \ā\,{{#tag:ref|Used by speakers without the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="nonpane"}} /ej/ \ā\{{#tag:ref|Used by speakers with the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="pane"}}
|-
|-
| colspan="2" | \\ā\\
| colspan="2" | \\ā\\
| STAY
| STAY
| colspan="2" | //eɪ//
| colspan="2" | //eɪ//
| /ej/ \āi\,<ref name="nontoe"/> /ej/ \ā\<ref name="toe"/>
| /ej/ \āi\,<ref name="nonpane"/> /ej/ \ā\<ref name="pane"/>
|-
|-
| \\â\\
| \\â\\
Line 77: Line 78:
| SQUARE
| SQUARE
| colspan="2" | //ɛər//
| colspan="2" | //ɛər//
 
| rowspan="2" | /eə/ \âr\
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" | /ɛəɹ/ \âr\, /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\
| rowspan="2"| /eː/ \âr\
| rowspan="2"| /eə/ \âr\, /iə/ \ēr\
| rowspan="2"| /eɾ/ \ār\
| /ɛː/ \âr\,{{#tag:ref|Used by non-rhotic speakers, regardless of the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="walesnonrhotic"}} /eːɾ/ \âr\,{{#tag:ref|Used by rhotic speakers without the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="nonpanerhotic"}} /ejɾ/ \âr\{{#tag:ref|Used by rhotic speakers with the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="panerhotic"}}
|-
| \\âir\\
| \\âr\\
| AIRED
| //ɛːr//
| //ɛər//
| /ɛː/ \âr\,{{#tag:ref|Used by non-rhotic speakers, regardless of the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="walesnonrhotic"}} /ejɾ/ \âir\,{{#tag:ref|Used by rhotic speakers without the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="nonpanerhotic"}} /ejɾ/ \âr\{{#tag:ref|Used by rhotic speakers with the [[pane-pain merger]].|name="panerhotic"}}
|-
| \\ë\\
| \\ē\\
| happY
| colspan="2"| //i//
| /i/ \ë\
| colspan="2"| /i/ \ē\
| colspan="2"| /ɪj/ \ē\
| /e/ \ë\, /ɪ/ \ĭ\
| /iː/ \ē\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ĕ\\
| DRESS
| colspan="2"| //ɛ//
| /e/ \ĕ\
| colspan="2"| /ɛ/ \ĕ\
| /e/ \ĕ\
| /e/ \ĕ\, /ɪj/ \ē\
| colspan="2"| /ɛ/ \ĕ\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ĕr\\
| DRESS + r
| colspan="2"| //ɛr//
| /eɹ/ \ĕr\
| colspan="2"| /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\
| /eɹ/ \ĕr\
| /eɹ/ \ĕr\, /ɪjɹ/ \ē-r\
| colspan="2"| /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ē\\
| FLEECE
| colspan="2"| //iː//
| /iː/ \ē\
| colspan="2"| /i/ \ē\
| colspan="2"| /ɪj/ \ē\
| /i/ \ē\
| /iː/ \ē\
|-
| \\ēr\\
| \\îr\\
| NEAR
| colspan="2"| //ɪər//
| /ɪə/ \ēr\
| colspan="2"| /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\, /iɹ/ \ēr\
| /ɪə/ \ēr\
| /iə/ \ēr\
| /iɾ/ \ēr\
| /ɪə/ \ēr\, /iɾ/ \ēr\
|-
| \\êr\\
| \\ûr\\
| TERM
| colspan="2"| //ɜːr//
| /ɜː/ \êr\
| colspan="2"| /əɹ/ \ər\
| /əː/ \êr\
| /øː/ \êr\
| /ɛɾ/ \ĕr\
| /əː(ɾ)/ \êr\
|-
| \\ïr\\
| \\īər\\
| WIRE
| //aːɪr//
| //aɪər//
| /aɪə/ \ī-ə\
| colspan="2"| /aɪəɹ/ \ī-ər\
| /ɑeə/ \ī-ə\
| /ɑɪə/ \ī-ə\
| /aɪɾ/ \īr\
| /ajə(ɾ)/ \ī-ə(r)\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ĭ\\
| KIT
| colspan="2"| //ɪ//
| colspan="4"| /ɪ/ \ĭ\
| /ə/ \ə\
| colspan="2"| /ɪ/ \ĭ\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ĭr\\
| KIT + r
| colspan="2"| //ɪr//
| /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\
| colspan="2"| /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\, /iɹ/ \ēr\
| /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\
| /əɹ/ \ər\
| colspan="2"| /ɪɾ/ \ĭr\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ī\\
| PRICE
| colspan="2"| //aɪ//
| colspan="3"| /aɪ/ \ī\
| /ɑe/ \ī\
| /ɑɪ/ \ī\
| /aɪ/ \ī\
| /aj/ \ī\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\īr\\
| PRICE + r
| colspan="2"| //aɪr//
| colspan="3"| /aɪɹ/ \īr\
| /ɑeɹ/ \īr\
| /ɑɪɹ/ \īr\
| /aɪɾ/ \īr\
| /ajɾ/ \īr\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\îr\\
| SIR
| //ɪːr//
| //ɜːr//
| /ɜː/ \êr\
| colspan="2"| /əɹ/ \ər\
| /əː/ \êr\
| /øː/ \êr\
| /ɪɾ/ \ĭr\
| /əː(ɾ)/ \êr\
|-
| \\ö\\
| \\ŏ\\
| CLOTH
| //ɒː//
| //ɒ//
| /ɒ/ \ŏ\
| /ɔ/ \ô\, /ɑ/ \ä\
| /ɑ/ \ä\
| colspan="2"| /ɔ/ \ŏ\
| /ɔ/ \ô\
| /ɒ/ \ŏ\
|-
| \\ör\\
| \\ŏr\\
| CLOTH + r
| //ɒːr//
| //ɒr//
| /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\
| colspan="2"| /ɔɹ/ \ôr\
| colspan="2"| /ɔɹ/ \ŏr\
| /ɔɹ/ \ôr\
| /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ŏ\\
| LOT
| colspan="2"| //ɒ//
| /ɒ/ \ŏ\
| colspan="2"| /ɑ/ \ä\
| colspan="2"| /ɔ/ \ŏ\
| /ɔ/ \ô\
| /ɒ/ \ŏ\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ŏr\\
| LOT + r
| colspan="2"| //ɒr//
| /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\
| /ɑɹ/ \är\
| /ɔɹ/ \ôr\
| colspan="2"| /ɔɹ/ \ŏr\
| /ɔɹ/ \ôr\
| /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ō\\
| GOAT
| //oː//
| //oʊ//
| rowspan="2"| /əʊ/ \ō\
| colspan="2" rowspan="2"| /əʊ/ \ō\
| colspan="2" rowspan="2"| /ɐʉ/ \ō\
| rowspan="2"| /o/ \ō\
| /oː/ \ō\,{{#tag:ref|Used by speakers without the [[toe-tow merger]].|name="nontoe"}} /ow/ \ō\{{#tag:ref|Used by speakers with the [[toe-tow merger]].|name="toe"}}
|-
| \\ōu\\
| \\ō\\
| BLOW
| colspan="2"| //oʊ//
| /ow/ \ōw\,<ref name="nontoe"/> /ow/ \ō\<ref name="toe"/>
|-
| \\ōr\\
| rowspan="2"| \\ōr\\, \\ôr\\
| FORCE
| //oːər//
| rowspan="2"| //ɔːr//
| rowspan="4"| /ɔː/ \ô\
| colspan="2" rowspan="2"| /ɔɹ/ \ôr\
| colspan="2" rowspan="4"| /oː/ \ô\
| rowspan="2"| /oɾ/ \ōr\
| /ɔː(ɾ)/ \ô(r)\
|-
| \\ōur\\
| COURSE
| //oər//
| /ɔː(ɾ)/ \ô(r)\, /owɾ/ \ōur\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ô\\
| THOUGHT
| colspan="2"| //ɔː//
| /ɔ/ \ô\, /ɑ/ \ä\
| /ɑ/ \ä\
| /ɔ/ \ô\
| /ɔː/ \ô\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\ôr\\
| NORTH
| colspan="2"| //ɔːr//
| colspan="2"| /ɔɹ/ \ôr\
| /ɔɾ/ \ôr\
| /ɔː(ɾ)/ \ô(r)\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\o͝o\\
| FOOT
| colspan="2"| //ʊ//
| colspan="5"| /ʊ/ \o͝o\
| /ʉ/ \o͞o\
| /ʊ/ \o͝o\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\o͝or\\
| FOOT + r
| colspan="2"| //ʊr//
| /ʊr/ \o͝or\
| colspan="2"| /ʊr/ \o͝or\, /ɔɹ/ \ôr\
| colspan="2"| /ʊr/ \o͝or\
| /ʉr/ \o͞or\
| /ʊr/ \o͝or\
|-
| colspan="2"| \\o͝oər\\
| TOURED
| colspan="2"| //ʊər//
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 12:14, 11 October 2026

enPR-reform enPR-AHD Lexical set Diaphonic IPA Dialectal IPA & Dialectal enPR-reform
Fully Diaphonic Semi-Diaphonic RP GA CanE AuE NZE ScE WelE
\\ä\\ PALM //ɑː// /ɑː/ \ä\ /ɑ/ \ä\ /ɐː/ \ä\ /a/ \ă\ /ɑː/ \ä\
\\är\\ START //ɑːr// /ɑɹ/ \är\ /aɾ/ \ăr\ /ɑː(ɾ)/ \ä(r)\
\\ă\\ TRAP //æ// /æ/ \ă\ /ɛ/ \ă\ /a/ \ă\
\\ăr\\ TRAP + r //ær// /æɹ/ \ăr\ /æɹ/ \ăr\, /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\ /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\ /æɹ/ \ăr\ /ɛɹ/ \ăr\ /aɾ/ \ăr\
\\ā\\ FACE //eː// //eɪ// /eɪ/ \ā\ /æɪ/ \ā\ /e/ \ā\ /eː/ \ā\,[1] /ej/ \ā\[2]
\\ā\\ STAY //eɪ// /ej/ \āi\,[1] /ej/ \ā\[2]
\\â\\ \\ä\\, \\ă\\ BATH //æː// //æ//, //ɑː// /ɑː/ \ä\ /æ/ \ă\ /ɐː/ \ä\ /a/ \ă\ /ɑː/ \ä\, /a/ \ă\
\\âr\\ SQUARE //ɛər// /eə/ \âr\ /ɛəɹ/ \âr\, /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\ /eː/ \âr\ /eə/ \âr\, /iə/ \ēr\ /eɾ/ \ār\ /ɛː/ \âr\,[3] /eːɾ/ \âr\,[4] /ejɾ/ \âr\[5]
\\âir\\ \\âr\\ AIRED //ɛːr// //ɛər// /ɛː/ \âr\,[3] /ejɾ/ \âir\,[4] /ejɾ/ \âr\[5]
\\ë\\ \\ē\\ happY //i// /i/ \ë\ /i/ \ē\ /ɪj/ \ē\ /e/ \ë\, /ɪ/ \ĭ\ /iː/ \ē\
\\ĕ\\ DRESS //ɛ// /e/ \ĕ\ /ɛ/ \ĕ\ /e/ \ĕ\ /e/ \ĕ\, /ɪj/ \ē\ /ɛ/ \ĕ\
\\ĕr\\ DRESS + r //ɛr// /eɹ/ \ĕr\ /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\ /eɹ/ \ĕr\ /eɹ/ \ĕr\, /ɪjɹ/ \ē-r\ /ɛɹ/ \ĕr\
\\ē\\ FLEECE //iː// /iː/ \ē\ /i/ \ē\ /ɪj/ \ē\ /i/ \ē\ /iː/ \ē\
\\ēr\\ \\îr\\ NEAR //ɪər// /ɪə/ \ēr\ /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\, /iɹ/ \ēr\ /ɪə/ \ēr\ /iə/ \ēr\ /iɾ/ \ēr\ /ɪə/ \ēr\, /iɾ/ \ēr\
\\êr\\ \\ûr\\ TERM //ɜːr// /ɜː/ \êr\ /əɹ/ \ər\ /əː/ \êr\ /øː/ \êr\ /ɛɾ/ \ĕr\ /əː(ɾ)/ \êr\
\\ïr\\ \\īər\\ WIRE //aːɪr// //aɪər// /aɪə/ \ī-ə\ /aɪəɹ/ \ī-ər\ /ɑeə/ \ī-ə\ /ɑɪə/ \ī-ə\ /aɪɾ/ \īr\ /ajə(ɾ)/ \ī-ə(r)\
\\ĭ\\ KIT //ɪ// /ɪ/ \ĭ\ /ə/ \ə\ /ɪ/ \ĭ\
\\ĭr\\ KIT + r //ɪr// /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\ /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\, /iɹ/ \ēr\ /ɪɹ/ \ĭr\ /əɹ/ \ər\ /ɪɾ/ \ĭr\
\\ī\\ PRICE //aɪ// /aɪ/ \ī\ /ɑe/ \ī\ /ɑɪ/ \ī\ /aɪ/ \ī\ /aj/ \ī\
\\īr\\ PRICE + r //aɪr// /aɪɹ/ \īr\ /ɑeɹ/ \īr\ /ɑɪɹ/ \īr\ /aɪɾ/ \īr\ /ajɾ/ \īr\
\\îr\\ SIR //ɪːr// //ɜːr// /ɜː/ \êr\ /əɹ/ \ər\ /əː/ \êr\ /øː/ \êr\ /ɪɾ/ \ĭr\ /əː(ɾ)/ \êr\
\\ö\\ \\ŏ\\ CLOTH //ɒː// //ɒ// /ɒ/ \ŏ\ /ɔ/ \ô\, /ɑ/ \ä\ /ɑ/ \ä\ /ɔ/ \ŏ\ /ɔ/ \ô\ /ɒ/ \ŏ\
\\ör\\ \\ŏr\\ CLOTH + r //ɒːr// //ɒr// /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\ /ɔɹ/ \ôr\ /ɔɹ/ \ŏr\ /ɔɹ/ \ôr\ /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\
\\ŏ\\ LOT //ɒ// /ɒ/ \ŏ\ /ɑ/ \ä\ /ɔ/ \ŏ\ /ɔ/ \ô\ /ɒ/ \ŏ\
\\ŏr\\ LOT + r //ɒr// /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\ /ɑɹ/ \är\ /ɔɹ/ \ôr\ /ɔɹ/ \ŏr\ /ɔɹ/ \ôr\ /ɒɹ/ \ŏr\
\\ō\\ GOAT //oː// //oʊ// /əʊ/ \ō\ /əʊ/ \ō\ /ɐʉ/ \ō\ /o/ \ō\ /oː/ \ō\,[6] /ow/ \ō\[7]
\\ōu\\ \\ō\\ BLOW //oʊ// /ow/ \ōw\,[6] /ow/ \ō\[7]
\\ōr\\ \\ōr\\, \\ôr\\ FORCE //oːər// //ɔːr// /ɔː/ \ô\ /ɔɹ/ \ôr\ /oː/ \ô\ /oɾ/ \ōr\ /ɔː(ɾ)/ \ô(r)\
\\ōur\\ COURSE //oər// /ɔː(ɾ)/ \ô(r)\, /owɾ/ \ōur\
\\ô\\ THOUGHT //ɔː// /ɔ/ \ô\, /ɑ/ \ä\ /ɑ/ \ä\ /ɔ/ \ô\ /ɔː/ \ô\
\\ôr\\ NORTH //ɔːr// /ɔɹ/ \ôr\ /ɔɾ/ \ôr\ /ɔː(ɾ)/ \ô(r)\
\\o͝o\\ FOOT //ʊ// /ʊ/ \o͝o\ /ʉ/ \o͞o\ /ʊ/ \o͝o\
\\o͝or\\ FOOT + r //ʊr// /ʊr/ \o͝or\ /ʊr/ \o͝or\, /ɔɹ/ \ôr\ /ʊr/ \o͝or\ /ʉr/ \o͞or\ /ʊr/ \o͝or\
\\o͝oər\\ TOURED //ʊər//
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Used by speakers without the pane-pain merger.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Used by speakers with the pane-pain merger.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Used by non-rhotic speakers, regardless of the pane-pain merger.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Used by rhotic speakers without the pane-pain merger.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Used by rhotic speakers with the pane-pain merger.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Used by speakers without the toe-tow merger.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Used by speakers with the toe-tow merger.
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